XBB linjavariantteja ilmenee monista maista. Esimerkki GITHUB lähtestä

 FP koodi tarkoittaa XBB.1.4.1 linjaa.

Sublineage of: FP.1
Earliest sequence: 2023/04/05 (Singapore)
Most recent sequence: 2023/05/03 (Singapore)
Countries circulating: Singapore, 16 local cases and 2 cases with recent travel history from Malaysia (could be local as well)

Mutations on top of FP.1: T27134C > A28858C (N:R195S) > C9487T, A27917T (ORF8:8C)

A27917T changes the ORF8:8 stop codon (TGA) to a Cysteine (TGT), thus functionally restores the truncated ORF8. It'll be interesting to monitor if this restoration of ORF8 will confer any growth (dis)advantage over stock FP.1.

GISAID query: del21767, A27917T, A28858C

 FP.1 has 69/70del

 

 

WHO:n arvio 18.5. 2023 seuraavasta Covid-19 rokotteen kokoomuksesta

 

• Statement on the antigen composition of COVID-19 vaccines

Statement on the antigen composition of COVID-19 vaccines

18 May 2023

Statement

Reading time: 6 min (1616 words)

The WHO Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 Vaccine Composition (TAG-CO-VAC) continues to meet regularly to assess the implications of SARS-CoV-2 evolution for COVID-19 vaccine antigen composition and advise WHO on whether changes are needed to the antigen composition of future COVID-19 vaccines.

In April 2023, the TAG-CO-VAC indicated that the advisory group would convene at least twice in 2023: once in May 2023 and again, approximately 6 months later. At each meeting, recommendations to either maintain current vaccine composition or to consider updates will be issued. This frequency of evidence review by the TAG-CO-VAC is based on the kinetics of vaccine-derived immunity and the need for continued monitoring of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, and will be adjusted if and as necessary. The TAG-CO-VAC met on 11-12 May 2023 to review the genetic and antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, the performance of currently approved vaccines against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants and the implications for COVID-19 vaccine antigen composition.

As previously stated by the TAG-CO-VAC, the objective of an update to COVID-19 vaccine antigen composition is to enhance vaccine-induced immune responses to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. This statement and the recommendation for change is intended for all vaccine manufacturers and is intended to inform future formulations of COVID-19 vaccines.

The TAG-CO-VAC recognizes and reiterates that currently approved COVID-19 vaccines, including those based on the index virus, continue to provide substantial protection against severe disease and death, which is the primary objective for COVID-19 vaccination. Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines should continue to be used in accordance with the current WHO SAGE Roadmap, published in April 2023. Notwithstanding the protection against severe disease, protection against symptomatic disease is limited and less durable. New formulations of COVID-19 vaccines are needed to improve protection against symptomatic disease.

Evidence reviewed

The published and unpublished evidence reviewed by the TAG-CO-VAC included: (1) SARS-CoV-2 evolution, including genetic and antigenic characteristics of earlier and current SARS-CoV-2 variants, including XBB.1 descendent lineages, and its impact on cross-neutralization and cross-protection following vaccination and/or infection; (2) Vaccine effectiveness (VE) of currently approved vaccines during periods of XBB.1 descendant lineage circulation; (3) Antigenic cartography analyzing antigenic relationships of SARS-CoV-2 variants using naïve animal sera and human sera following vaccination and/or infection; (4) Preliminary preclinical data on immune responses in animal models, following infection with XBB.1 descendent lineages; (5) Preliminary preclinical immunogenicity data on the performance of candidate vaccines with updated antigens (data not shown); and (6) B cell memory responses following vaccination and/or infection.

Further details on the publicly available data reviewed by the TAG-CO-VAC can be found in the accompanying data annex. Unpublished and/or confidential data are not shown.

The TAG-CO-VAC acknowledges the limitations of the available data:

• While the trajectory of further SARS-CoV-2 evolution indicates that XBB will likely be the progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the near term, the timing, specific mutations and antigenic characteristics, and the potential public health risks of future variants remain unknown;
• Data on cross-reactivity (breadth) of immune responses elicited by currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants are limited. The majority of the available clinical and preclinical data are on the recent variants XBB.1 or XBB.1.5, but there is minimal information on other current variants of interest or variants under monitoring;
• Data on immune responses over time following infection with currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants are limited;
• Though neutralizing antibodies titers have been shown to be important in protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and in estimates of vaccine effectiveness, there are multiple layers of immune protection elicited by infection and/or vaccination. Data on the immune response specific for XBB.1 descendent lineages are largely restricted to neutralizing antibodies and are limited for other aspects of the immune response, including cellular immunity;
• Data on the protection conferred by hybrid immunity (i.e. combination of infection- and vaccination-induced immunity) are largely derived from populations that predominantly received an mRNA booster dose;
• Data on VE of current COVID-19 vaccines, including index-virus based and bivalent mRNA vaccines, against XBB descendent lineages are limited and estimates during periods of XBB.1 descendant lineage circulation are only available for mRNA vaccines; 
• Data on candidate vaccines that include an XBB.1 descendent lineage are limited to animal models.
  

A summary of available evidence and the recommendations that follow were discussed by the TAG-CO-VAC and provided to WHO.

Summary of available evidence

• In the fourth year of the pandemic, there is high seroprevalence in the global population as a result of vaccination and/or infection, and immunological profiles against SARS-CoV-2 are highly heterogeneous (i.e. individuals have been infected with different variants and/or vaccinated using a variety of vaccine platforms).
• There continues to be substantial genetic and antigenic evolution of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, and the evolutionary trajectory continues to diverge from the index virus. Despite increasing gaps in genomic surveillance globally, the available sequencing data indicates that the index virus and other early variants (e.g., Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta) are no longer detected in humans.
• As of May 2023, the XBB.1 descendent lineages currently predominate globally (i.e., XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.9).
• As described in the WHO Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution XBB.1.5 Updated Risk Assessment and the XBB.1.16 Initial Risk Assessment, XBB descendent lineages, including XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16, are highly immune evasive, with XBB.1.5 being one of the SARS-CoV-2 variants with the greatest magnitude of immune escape from neutralizing antibodies to date.
• Estimates of VE against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, including XBB.1 descendent lineages, are very limited in terms of the number of studies, vaccine products evaluated, and populations assessed; some studies show similar VE against BA.5 descendent and XBB.1 descendent lineages, while others suggest reduced VE during periods of predominance of XBB.1 descendent lineages.
• Sera from individuals who have received two, three or four doses of index virus-based vaccines, or a booster dose of a bivalent (BA.1- or BA.4/5- containing) mRNA vaccine show substantially lower neutralizing antibody titers against XBB.1 descendent lineages, as compared to titers specific for the antigens included in the vaccine. Individuals with hybrid immunity due to any SARS-CoV-2 infection show higher neutralizing antibody titers against XBB.1 descendent lineages as compared to responses from vaccinated individuals who had no evidence of infection.
• There is in vitro evidence that immune imprinting, which is a phenomenon in which B cell memory recall responses towards previously encountered antigen reduce the response to new antigens, may be occurring. However, based on observational epidemiological studies to date, the clinical impact remains unclear.
• Preclinical data shared confidentially with the TAG-CO-VAC by vaccine manufacturers show that vaccination with XBB.1 descendent lineage-containing candidate vaccines (including XBB.1.5) elicits higher neutralizing antibody responses to currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, compared to responses elicited by currently approved vaccines.

Recommendations for updates to COVID-19 vaccine antigen composition

There is ongoing and considerable genetic and antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, high seroprevalence and heterogeneous population immunity to SARS-CoV-2. As current WHO SAGE policy specifies, vaccination programmes should continue to complete the primary series and booster dose(s) for high priority and medium priority groups. Furthermore, the WHO Global COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy, published in July 2022, also calls for vaccines with improved durability and breadth of protection.

Updates to vaccine antigen composition may enhance vaccine-induced immune responses to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, consistent with the previous statement by the TAG-CO-VAC published in June 2022.

As of May 2023, XBB.1 descendent lineages predominate SARS-CoV-2 circulation globally. In order to improve protection, in particular against symptomatic disease, new formulations of COVID-19 vaccines should aim to induce antibody responses that neutralize XBB descendent lineages. One approach recommended by TAG-CO-VAC is the use of a monovalent XBB.1 descendent lineage, such as XBB.1.5 (e.g., hCoV-19/USA/RI-CDC-2-6647173/2022, GenBank: OQ054680.1, GISAID: EPI_ISL_16134259 or WHO Biohub: 2023-WHO-LS-01, GenBank: OQ983940, GISAID EPI_ISL_16760602) as the vaccine antigen. Given the small genetic and antigenic differences from XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16 (e.g., hCoV-19/USA/MI-CDC-LC1038976/2023, GenBank: OQ931660 GISAID: EPI_ISL_17619088) may be an alternative. The spike antigens of both of these lineages are genetically and antigenically very closely related, with only two amino acid differences between XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 (E180V and T478R).  Other formulations and/or platforms that achieve robust neutralizing antibody responses against XBB descendent lineages can be considered.

While currently approved COVID-19 vaccines, including those based on the index virus, continue to provide protection against severe disease, the TAG-CO-VAC advises moving away from the inclusion of the index virus in future formulations of COVID-19 vaccines. This is based on the following reasons: the index virus and antigenically closely related variants no longer circulate in humans; the index virus antigen elicits undetectable or very low levels of neutralizing antibodies against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, including XBB descendent lineages; inclusion of the index virus in bi- or multivalent vaccines reduces the concentration of the new target antigen(s) as compared to monovalent vaccines, which may decrease the magnitude of the humoral immune response; and immune imprinting due to repeated exposure to the index virus may reduce immune responses to new target antigen(s).

Further data requirements and considerations

Given the limitations of the evidence upon which the recommendations above are derived and that the evolution of the virus is expected to continue, the TAG-CO-VAC strongly encourages the generation of data on immune responses and clinical endpoints in humans who receive a COVID-19 vaccine with an updated composition, across different vaccine platforms, as well as further data on the performance of current COVID-19 vaccines against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Additionally, the TAG-CO-VAC continues to encourage the further development of vaccines that enhance mucosal immunity because they may improve protection against infection and reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, in alignment with the WHO Global COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy, published in July 2022. Finally, it is imperative for multilateral organizations, governments and manufacturers to continue collaborating towards access to currently approved COVID-19 vaccines and to ensure equitable global access for vaccine(s) with an updated antigen composition as they become available.

CDC info Diseases transmitted by ticks 2023

 Punkkien välittämiä tauteja CDC.gov  tieto  englanninkielellä

 http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/diseases/index.html

Diseases Transmitted by Ticks

Print

• In the U.S.
• Outside the U.S.

In the United States, some ticks carry pathogens that can cause human disease, including:

• Anaplasmosis is transmitted to humans by tick bites primarily from the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern and upper midwestern U.S. and the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) along the Pacific coast.
• Babesiosis is caused by microscopic parasites that infect red blood cells. Most human cases of babesiosis in the U.S. are caused by Babesia microti. Babesia microti is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and is found primarily in the northeast and upper midwest.
• Borrelia mayonii infection has recently been described as a cause of illness in the upper midwestern United States. It has been found in blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Borrelia mayonii is a new species and is the only species besides B. burgdorferi known to cause Lyme disease in North America.
• Borrelia miyamotoi infection has recently been described as a cause of illness in the U.S. It is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and has a range similar to that of Lyme disease.
• Bourbon virus infection has been identified in a limited number patients in the Midwest and southern United States. At this time, we do not know if the virus might be found in other areas of the United States.
• Colorado tick fever is caused by a virus transmitted by the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni). It occurs in the the Rocky Mountain states at elevations of 4,000 to 10,500 feet.
• Ehrlichiosis is transmitted to humans by the lone star tick (Ambylomma americanum), found primarily in the southcentral and eastern U.S.
• Heartland virus cases have been identified in the Midwestern and southern United States. Studies suggest that Lone Star ticks can transmit the virus. It is unknown if the virus may be found in other areas of the U.S.
• Lyme disease is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern U.S. and upper midwestern U.S. and the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) along the Pacific coast.
• Powassan disease is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the groundhog tick (Ixodes cookei). Cases have been reported primarily from northeastern states and the Great Lakes region.
• Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis is transmitted to humans by the Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum).
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is transmitted by the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), and the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sangunineus) in the U.S. The brown dog tick and other tick species are associated with RMSF in Central and South America.
• STARI (Southern tick-associated rash illness) is transmitted via bites from the lone star tick (Ambylomma americanum), found in the southeastern and eastern U.S.
• Tickborne relapsing fever (TBRF) is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected soft ticks. TBRF has been reported in 15 states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming and is associated with sleeping in rustic cabins and vacation homes.
• Tularemia is transmitted to humans by the dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), the wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), and the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Tularemia occurs throughout the U.S.
• 364D rickettsiosis (Rickettsia phillipi, proposed) is transmitted to humans by the Pacific Coast tick (Dermacentor occidentalis ticks). This is a new disease that has been found in California.

Punkkivälitteiseistä infektioista ollut verkkoseminaari marraskuussa 2022 Ruotsissa

 Webb-seminaarin luennoitsijat Ruotsin Yliopistosita  Löydän  seminaarin mainoksesta heidän nimensä:

(Yleiskatsaus:

Övergripande om fästingar,klimat, epidemiologi etc.  Per -Eric Lindgren,professori

Borrelia, svensk studie om biopsi av EM.Samuewl Crohnjurt, doktorand,Johan Berglund, professor. 

Neoehrlicia för allmänläkare. Lisa Labbe sandelin,doktoran, Christine Wennerås, professor. 

Babesia-en blodparasit som ofta flyger under den diagnostiska radarn. Matilda Lövmar, doktorand, Kristina Persson , universitetslektor) .

 Netistä löytyy  jaettavissa oleva   artikkeli  samalla otsikolla  Fästingburna infektioner ja se on tutkimustyö Linköpingin Yliopistosta, mutta en löydä tässä  tutkijan nimeä

 https://liu.se/forskning?areas=&areas=&term=&searchId=%7B27478D9D-89BD-4582-8119-919347C2513F%7D&filter_templates_sm=&filter_=_71df9eba52864b71b568e28e354b5b3c:f54d298f666349818da09581a6348c94:&take=3&sort=asc&view=grid&expanded=true

SITAATTI netistä: 

"Fästingburna infektioner

- Vilka fästingburna infektioner förekommer i Sverige och i våra grannländer
och är de symtomgivande?
- Hur presenterar sig infektionerna kliniskt och vilken
diagnostik bör tillämpas?
- Hur samspelar immunförsvaret med fästingburna
mikrober och vilken är prognosen vid respektive fästingburen sjukdom?"

"Flera fästingburna mikrober är känt humanpatogena; 

såsom 

Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato,

 B. miyamotoi,

Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum, 

Rickettsia (R.) helvetica, 

Tick-borne Encephalitis virus (TBEV), 

 Neoerlichia Micurensis (NM),

 Francisella tularensis och 

Babesia arter. 

Ett flertal nya arter är misstänkt humanpatogena, vilket indikerar att omfattningen av fästingburna infektioner sannolikt kommer att öka i framtiden."

"Risken för att bli infekterad och få symtom efter ett fästingbett är ofullständigt studerad. Endast grova uppskattningar av prevalens har gjorts baserat på förekomst av patogenförekomst i fästingar i olika naturområden. Enstaka studier har kartlagt serologisk respons och symtomutveckling på kort sikt i anslutning till fästingbett. Däremot har varken det immunologiska svaret, kliniska förloppet på kort och lång sikt eller prognos av sjukdom hos den fästingbitna personen tidigare studerats i relation till patogenförekomst i fästingen. Därav är det okänt hur ofta fästingar, som bitit människa, är infekterade med patogener och med vilka arter och subtyper samt hur fästingburen patogen och immunförsvaret samspelar i huden och i kroppens övriga organ."

"Dessutom är det okänt varför infektionsförloppet vid olika fästingburna sjukdomar, men främst beträffande TBE och borrelios, skiljer sig hos olika individer. En del av mina forskningsprojekt i samarbete med namngivna kollegor nedan avser att sammanställa kliniska och immunologiska data över patienter med verifierad neuroborrelios i Sydöstra sjukvårdsregionen samt TBE och Borrelios på Åland samt patienter med olika kliniska manifestationer av Borrelios i Sverige, med särskilt intresse för artrit. Jag avser även att tillsammans med öronläkare sammanställa kliniska data över patienter med diagnosticerad akut hörselnedsättning och studera huruvida det finns koppling till fästingburen infektion. Därutöver är jag tillsammans med medarbetare intresserad av att studera hur arterna B. valaisiana, B. miyamotoi, NM, R. Helvetica och Babesia presenterar sig kliniskt och immunologiskt i Norden."

"Fästingburna mikrober i huden

Immunreaktivitet i huden efter fästingbett har tidigare studerats vid manifest infektion och då främst hos patienter med erythema migrans (EM); det patognomona hudutslaget som uppstår till följd av en borreliainfektion. Flertalet studier har visat förekomst av fästingburna bakterier i den infekterade huden och en karakteristisk immunaktivering lokalt. Vår forskargrupp har tidigare publicerat en studie, i vilken det lokala immunsvaret i huden i anslutning till EM studerades i relation till patienter med olika kliniska förlopp efter antibiotikabehandling. En ny studie pågår nu på Åland, i vilken fokus ligger på det tidiga immunförsvaret i huden i direkt anslutning till fästingbettet och betydelsen av kvaliteten på immunsvaret i relation till det kliniska förloppet hos den fästingbitna personen. Vi följer patienterna under flera månaders tid, både med frågeformulär, blodprover och hudbiopsier."

"Vår forskargrupp har under de senaste 10 åren ansvarat för den s.k. STING-studien, i vilken vi samlat in fästingar som bitit människa och kartlagt risken för fästingburen infektion efter fästingbett. Vi har byggt upp en gedigen biobank med mer än 10 000 fästingar, blodprover vid två tillfällen under studietiden från mer än 5000 fästingbitna individer och enkäter med kliniska data från deltagande personer. Samarbetet har genom åren utökats till ett nordiskt dito, med nodansvariga forskare i Oslo, Kristiansand, Köpenhamn och Åland, Finland. Dessutom har vi initierat ett gemensamt forskningsprojekt med Dr Joppe Hovius i Amsterdam, Nederländerna (främst B. miyamotoi). Vi har publicerat data på förekomst av Lyme borrelios och TBE samt även Rickettsios, Anaplasmos och infektion med NM. Uppkomst av infektion orsakad av Babesia och B. valaisiana efter fästingbett är några ytterligare intresseområden inom STING-studien."

"Fästingburna mikrober i centrala nervsystemet

Vi har pågående studier, som avser kartlägga förekomst av de nya fästingburna patogenerna (Rickettsiae, NM, Anaplasma, Babesia, B. Miyamotoi, Francisella Tularensis) i centrala nervsystemet hos patienter som söker vård på misstanke om fästingburen hjärnhinneinflammation."

"Fästingburna mikrober i ledvätska

Lyme artrit är ett av flera kroniska symtom som kan uppkomma vid obehandlad Borreliainfektion. Tillståndet är vanligt i USA, där endast en subtyp av Borrelia förekommer (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto). Denna subtyp är artritogen, dvs är benägen att orsaka artrit, men kan även ge upphov till samtliga Borreliamanifestationer. Tillståndet är mycket väl beskrivet i USA, men okänd till incidens, förekomst av Borrelia subtyp samt immunologisk och klinisk presentation i Europa och Sverige. Avsikten är att inleda en multicenterstudie, för att undersöka prevalens av Lyme artrit i Sverige och att beskriva handläggning, det kliniska förloppet, analysera orsakande Borrelia subtyp och ev förekomst av co-infektion samt att erhålla kunskap om kronisk antibiotikarefraktär artrit ur ett epidemiologiskt, mikrobiologiskt, immunologiskt och kliniskt perspektiv."

"Övergripande mål

Det övergripande syftet med studierna är att utveckla och optimera metoder och kunskap för att bättre kunna förebygga, handlägga och prediktera risken för fästingburen infektion och om möjligt använda kunskapen för att minska ökningen och spridningen av sjukdomsalstrande fästingar och de infektioner de orsakar. Ovanstående mål uppfylls genom utvecklandet av:
1) molekylärbiologiska metoder för detektion och kvantifiering av patogener i fästingen och
2) serologiska metoder för indirekt analys av exponerade asymtomatiska och symtomatiska individer och genom att
3) behandla och studera det kliniska förloppet hos fästingbitna personer med symtom och
4) sprida erhållen kunskap till sjukvården och allmänheten.
Vi har under de senaste 10 åren byggt upp en stor biobank, som möjliggör translationell forskning under lång tid."

Miten klamydia asetetaan taxonomisesti? LINKKI

 

Chlamydia

Taxonomy ID: 810 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid810)

current name

Chlamydia Jones et al. 1945 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Sachse et al. 2015

homotypic synonym:

"Prowazekia" Coles 1953, effective name ¹⁾

Chlamydia Jones et al. 1945 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Everett et al. 1999

NCBI BLAST name: chlamydias
Rank: genus
Genetic code: Translation table 11 (Bacterial, Archaeal and Plant Plastid)
Other names:

heterotypic synonym "Miyagawanella" Brumpt 1938, effective name 1)

heterotypic synonym "Rickettsiaformis" Zhdanov and Korenblit 1950, effective name 1)

heterotypic synonym "Bedsonia" Meyer 1953, effective name 1)

heterotypic synonym "Rakeia" Levaditi et al. 1964, effective name 1)

heterotypic synonym Chlamydophila Everett et al. 1999

Lineage( full )

cellular organisms; Bacteria; PVC group; Chlamydiota; Chlamydiia; Chlamydiales; Chlamydiaceae; Chlamydia/Chlamydophila group

 

 

 

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=cgencodes#SG11

The Genetic code linkki. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MYCOPLASMATOTA , ennen: Tenericutes (Tener Cutis = soft skin)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2092&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 

Lineage (full): cellular organisms; Bacteria; Terrabacteria group; Mycoplasmatota; Mollicutes; MycoplasmatalesMycoplasmataceae     Click on organism name to get more information.

 Tästä löytää Mykoplasmat, Spiroplasmat, Ureoplasmat

BABESIOOSI on zoonoosi ja punkin välittämä tauti. Se voi myös aiheuttaa ihmiselle sairautta.

 *OIE lähteestä tietoa tästä zoonoosista.

 https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/02/babesiosis-new-or-unusual-occurrences.pdf

Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of various wildlife (such as lions, deer, primates, rhinos, etc.) caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia . Babesiosis affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals, and occasionally humans. Species of Babesia vary in their infectivity. Species of Babesia relevant to wildlife include: B. bovis , B. leo, B. cati, B. felis , B. divergens , B. majo r, B. ovata , B. occultans , B. orientalis, B. mer i, and B. jakimovi.

* Ruotsin lääkärilehti mainitsee babesioosista että se voi olla luultua  tavallisempi Ruotsissa.

Babesia-infektion kan vara vanligare i Sverige än vi tidigare trott Parasiten kan spridas via fästingar och blodtransfusion

Joel Svensson et al.