Etsin ensin NOD -kaltaisten reseptorien ja Legionellan yhteisiä artikkeleita ja niistä otan tähän sitaatin.
(Mitä NOD reseptorit ja niiden kaltaiset reseptorit ovat? Niistä on arikkeli mm tässä lähteessä: https://www.invivogen.com/review-nlr
Toll-reseptorit solupinnalla tunnetaan tarkemmin niitä on ainakin 9. Ne ovat patogeenin tai vaaran hahmontunnistaja reseptoreita. Näitä NOD reseptoreita on tulehtuneen solun sisällä. NLR: 22 kpl). Koska Legionella on solunsisällä replikoituva, etsin sen suhteita NOD- reseptoreihin. Löysin 21 viitettä.
Park B, Park G, Kim J, Lim SA, Lee KM. Arch Pharm Res. 2017 Feb;40(2):131-145. doi: 10.1007/s12272-016-0859-9. Epub 2017 Jan 6. Review. PMID:28063015
Tiivistelmästä suomennosta.
Legionella pneumophila on eräs etiologinen agenssi vaikeassa legionelloosi-keuhkotulehduksessa. Tämä gram-negatiivinen bakteeri replikoi luonnossa erilaisissa makeanveden ameeboissa, mutta myös ihmisen keuhkoalveolien makrofageissa. Isäntäsolun sisällä Legionella indusoi ei-endosomaalisten replikaatiokykyisten fagosomien tuotannon injisoimalla effektoriproteiinejaan solun sytosoliin .
Luonnolliset immuunivasteet ovat eturintamapuolustusta (=valmiina olevaa resurssia) Legionellaa vastaan infektion varhaisvaiheessa ja tekee eroa Legionellan ja isäntäsolun välillä käyttämällä taudinaiheuttajan hahmon tunnistavia (PAMP) reseptoreita (PRR) kuten TOLL-reseptorin (TLR) tai NOD- reseptorin kaltaisia (NLR) tai tai RIG-1 kaltaisia reseptoreita ( RLR). Ne pystyvät havaitsemaan patogeeneihin liittyviä molekulaarisia hahmoja (PAMP), joita kehossa , isäntäsolussa itsessään ei ole.
Keuhkojen Legionella- tulehduksen aikana rekrytoituu keuhkoihin useita erilaisia tulehdussoluja kuten makrofageja, neutrofiilejä, luonnollisia tappajasoluja (NK) , suuria mononukleaarisia soluja , B-imusoluja ja T-imusoluja: sekä CD4+ että CD8+ T-lymfosyyttisoluja ja ensisijaisesti ne asettuvat kudossolujen väleihin, interstitiaalisesti, kontrolloimaan Legionellaa.
Keuhkoissa menossa olevissa Legionella-infektioissa myös eri sytokiinien ja kemokiinien väliset vuorovaikutukset moduloivat isäntäkehon immuunivastetta . NK-soluilla tapahtuvasta tunnistuksesta liipaistuu esiin kehon omia effektorifunktioita kuten sytokiinien ja kemokiinien erittymistä ja niistä aiheutuu kohteena olevien solujen lyysi, hajoaminen. NK- solujen, dendriittisolujne, monosyyttien ja makrofagien keskeinen vuorovaikutus antaa pääasiallisen etulinjapuolustuksen Legionellaa vastaan, kun taas spesifinen immuunivaste, T- ja B-solujen aktivoituminen johtaa lopulta infektion päättymiseen ja pystyttää Legionella-spesifistä muistijälkeä isäntäkehoon.
Abstract
Legionella
pneumophila is an etiological agent of the severe pneumonia known as
Legionnaires' disease (LD). This gram-negative bacterium is thought to
replicate naturally in various freshwater amoebae, but also replicates
in human alveolar macrophages. Inside host cells, legionella
induce the production of non-endosomal replicative phagosomes by
injecting effector proteins into the cytosol. Innate immune responses
are first line defenses against legionella during early phases of infection, and distinguish between legionella and host cells using germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors , NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors, which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) that are absent in host cells.
During pulmonary legionella infections, the interplay between distinct cytokines and chemokines also modulates innate host responses to clear legionella
from the lungs. Recognition by NK cell receptors triggers effector
functions including secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and leads to
lysis of target cells. Crosstalk between NK cells and dendritic cells,
monocytes, and macrophages provides a major first-line defense against legionella infection, whereas activation of T and B cells resolves the infection and mounts legionella-specific memory in the host.
4. Yksi L. pneumophilan effektoreista on LegS2, SP1-lyaasi
(Kommentti: Tällainen entsyymikuuluu ihmisenkin Sfingomyeliiniaineenvaihdunnan terminaaliseen kohtaan membraani remodelling kierrossa ) . Lpn-mutantti, jolta tämä funktio puuttuu ilmentää isäntäkehossa atyyppisia mitokondrioita. Bakterin effektori ilmeisesti pehmentää mitokondrian ulkokalvonrakennetta ja saa mitokondriat jopa fusoitumaan ja näyttämään amorfisilta).
The Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase (LegS2) Contributes to the Restriction of Legionella pneumophila in Murine Macrophages. Abu Khweek A, Kanneganti A, Guttridge D DC, Amer AO.PLoS One. 2016 Jan 7;11(1):e0146410. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146410. eCollection 2016. PMID: 26741365 L. pneumophila is the causative agent of
Legionnaires’ disease, a human illness characterized by severe
pneumonia. In contrast to those derived from humans, macrophages derived
from most mouse strains restrict L. pneumophila replication. The restriction of L. pneumophila
replication has been shown to require bacterial flagellin, a component
of the type IV secretion system as well as the cytosolic NOD-like
receptor (NLR) Nlrc4/ Ipaf. These events lead to caspase-1 activation
which, in turn, activates caspase-7. Following caspase-7 activation, the
phagosome-containing L. pneumophila fuses with the lysosome, resulting in the restriction of L. pneumophila
growth. The LegS2 effector is injected by the type IV secretion system (T4SS)
and functions as a sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase. It is homologous to
the eukaryotic sphingosine lyase (SPL), an enzyme required in the
terminal steps of sphingolipid metabolism. Herein, we show that mice
Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages (BMDMs) and human Monocyte-Derived
Macrophages (hMDMs) are more permissive to L. pneumophila legS2 mutants than wild-type (WT) strains. This permissiveness to L. pneumophila legS2
is neither attributed to abolished caspase-1, caspase-7 or caspase-3
activation, nor due to the impairment of phagosome-lysosome fusion.
Instead, an infection with the legS2 mutant resulted in the
reduction of some inflammatory cytokines and their corresponding mRNA;
this effect is mediated by the inhibition of the nuclear transcription
factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Moreover, BMDMs infected with L. pneumophila legS2
mutant showed elongated mitochondria that resembles mitochondrial
fusion. Therefore, the absence of LegS2 effector is associated with
reduced NF-κB activation and atypical morphology of mitochondria. Free PMC Article Similar articles
5. Inflammasomi on multiproteiinikompleksi, johon kuuluu jäseninä NOD:n kaltianen reeptoriperhe(NLR) ja kaspaasi-1.
Caspase-11
and caspase-1 differentially modulate actin polymerization via RhoA and
Slingshot proteins to promote bacterial clearance. Caution K, Gavrilin MA, Tazi M, Kanneganti A, Layman D, Hoque S, Krause K, Amer AO. Sci Rep. 2015 Dec 21;5:18479. doi: 10.1038/srep18479. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that include members of the NOD-likereceptor family and caspase-1. Caspase-1 is required for the fusion of the Legionella
vacuole with lysosomes. Caspase-11, independently of the inflammasome,
also promotes phagolysosomal fusion. However, it is unclear how these
proteases alter intracellular trafficking. Here, we show that caspase-11
and caspase-1 function in opposing manners to phosphorylate and
dephosphorylate cofilin, respectively upon infection with Legionella.
Caspase-11 targets cofilin via the RhoA GTPase, whereas caspase-1
engages the Slingshot phosphatase. The absence of either caspase-11 or
caspase-1 maintains actin in the polymerized or depolymerized form,
respectively and averts the fusion of pathogen-containing vacuoles with
lysosomes. Therefore, caspase-11 and caspase-1 converge on the actin
machinery with opposing effects to promote vesicular trafficking.
PMID:26686473 Free PMC Article
In
contrast to TLR5, NLRC4 did not regulate recruitment of neutrophils to
the lung. Lp replication in murine alveolar macrophages was NLRC4-dependent
and TLR5-independent. These studies reveal
that NLRC4 and TLR5 mediate different roles in the inflammatory response
to Lp flagellin in an aerosolized infection model and NLRC4 regulates
replication in both lungs and alveolar macrophages.Free PMC Article Similar articles
7. NOD-reseptorit inflammasomissa, joka on laaja kompleksi sytoplasmassa, tunnistaa mikrobitulehduksen ja vaaran molekyylejä ja indusoi kaspaasi-1-aktivaatiosta riippuvan sytokiinituotannon ja makrofagin tulehduksellisen kuoleman ( bakteerimassan kanssa lyysissä). NLRC4 tunnistaa bakteeriflagelliinia ja T4SS sekreetiosysteemin.
Nature. 2011 Sep 14;477(7366):596-600. doi: 10.1038/nature10510. PMID:21918512 Inflammasomes are large cytoplasmic complexes that sense microbial
infections/danger molecules and induce caspase-1 activation-dependent
cytokine production and macrophage inflammatory death. The inflammasome
assembled by the NOD-likereceptor
(NLR) protein NLRC4 responds to bacterial flagellin and a conserved
type III secretion system (TTSS) rod component. How the NLRC4
inflammasome detects the two bacterial products and the molecular
mechanism of NLRC4 inflammasome activation are not understood. Here we
show that NAIP5, a BIR-domain NLR protein required for Legionella
pneumophila replication in mouse macrophages, is a universal component
of the flagellin-NLRC4 pathway. NAIP5 directly and specifically
interacted with flagellin, which determined the inflammasome-stimulation
activities of different bacterial flagellins. NAIP5 engagement by
flagellin promoted a physical NAIP5-NLRC4 association, rendering full
reconstitution of a flagellin-responsive NLRC4 inflammasome in
non-macrophage cells. The related NAIP2 functioned analogously to NAIP5,
serving as a specific inflammasome receptor
for TTSS rod proteins such as Salmonella PrgJ and Burkholderia BsaK.
Genetic analysis of Chromobacterium violaceum infection revealed that
the TTSS needle protein CprI can stimulate NLRC4 inflammasome activation
in human macrophages. Similarly, CprI is specifically recognized by
human NAIP, the sole NAIP family member in human. The finding that NAIP
proteins are inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and TTSS
apparatus components further predicts that the remaining NAIP family
members may recognize other unidentified microbial products to activate
NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated innate immunity.Similar articles
8. NOD-perheen reseptorista NAIP5 inflammasomissa. Rajoittaa Legionellaa ja tunnistaa flagelliinia.
Global cellular changes induced by Legionella pneumophila infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Fortier A, Faucher SP, Diallo K, Gros P. Immunobiology. 2011 Dec;216(12):1274-85. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.008. Epub 2011 Jun 30. PMID:21794945
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-likereceptor(NLR) family member Naip5 plays an essential role in restricting Legionella pneumophila growth inside primary macrophages. Upon interaction with bacterial flagellin, the intracellular receptorNaip5 forms a multi-proteincomplex, the inflammasome, which activation
has a protective role against infection.
9. Legionella pneumophila manipuloi tehottomiksi kaksi isäntäkehon apoptoottista tietä: sekä kanonisen apoptoottisen mitokondriaalisen tien että pyroptoottisen NOD:in kaltaisten reseptorien kontrolloiman inflammasomisen tien.
Programmed cell
death is considered the ultimate solution for the host to eliminate
infected cells, leading to the abolishment of the niche for microbial
replication and the ablation of infection. Thus, it is not surprising
that successful pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to reprogram
the cell death pathways for their proliferation. Using effector proteins
translocated by the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system, the facultative
intracellular pathogen Legionella
pneumophila manipulates multiple host cellular processes to create a
niche within host cells to support its replication. Investigation in the
past decade has established that in mammalian cells this bacterium
actively modulates two host cell death pathways, namely the canonical
apoptotic pathwaycontrolled by the mitochondrion and the pyroptotic
pathway controlled by the Nod-likereceptor
Naip5 and the Ipaf inflammasome. In this review, I will discuss the
recent progress in understanding the mechanisms the bacterium employs to
interfere with these host cell death pathways and how such modulation
contribute to the intracellular life cycle of the pathogen.Similar articles
10. Lpn- infektiossa ASC ja NLRC4 alassäätyneinä monosyyteissä.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 4;286(5):3203-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.197681. Epub 2010 Nov 19. PMID:21097506 The ability of Legionella
pneumophila to cause pneumonia is determined by its capability to evade
the immune system and grow within human monocytes and their derived
macrophages. Human monocytes efficiently activate caspase-1 in response
to Salmonella but not to L. pneumophila. The molecular mechanism for the
lack of inflammasome activation during L. pneumophila infection is
unknown. Evaluation of the expression of several inflammasome components
in human monocytes during L. pneumophila infection revealed that the
expression of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and the NOD-likereceptor
NLRC4 are significantly down-regulated in human monocytes. Exogenous
expression of ASC maintained the protein level constant during L.
pneumophila infection and conveyed caspase-1 activation and restricted
the growth of the pathogen. Further depletion of ASC with siRNA was
accompanied with improved NF-κB activation and enhanced L. pneumophila
growth. Therefore, our data demonstrate that L. pneumo phila manipulates
ASC levels to evade inflammasome activation and grow in human monocytes.
By targeting ASC, L. pneumophila modulates the inflammasome, the
apoptosome, and NF-κB pathway simultaneously.Free PMC Article Similar articles
11. PAMP reseptorit Nod1 ja Nod2 vastaavat neutrofiilien rekrytoimisesta hiiren keuhkoon legionella pneumophila-infektiossa.
Legionella
pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a serious
and often fatal form of pneumonia. The susceptibility to L. pneumophila
arises from the ability of this intracellular pathogen to multiply in
human alveolar macrophages and monocytes. L. pneumophila also replicates
in several professional and non-professional phagocytic human-derived
cell lines. With the exception of the A/J mouse strain, most mice
strains are restrictive, thus they do not support L. pneumophila
replication. Mice lacking the NOD-likereceptor
Nlrc4 or caspase-1 are also susceptible to L. pneumophila. On the other
hand, in the susceptible human hosts, L. pneumophila utilizes several
strategies to ensure intracellular replication and protect itself
against the host immune system. Most of these strategies converge to
prevent the fusion of the L. pneumophila phagosomewith the lysosome,
inhibiting host cell apoptosis, activating survival pathways, and
sequestering essential nutrients for replication and pathogenesis. In
this review, we summarize survival mechanisms employed by L. pneumophila
to maintain its replication in human cells. In addition, we highlight
different human-derived cell lines that support the multiplication of
this intracellular bacterium. Therefore, these in vitro models can be
applicable and are reproducible when investigating L.
pneumophila/phagocyte interactions at the molecular and cellular levels
in the human host.KEYWORDS: NOD-like receptors; Toll-like receptors; neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory proteins; pathogen-associated molecular patterns Free PMC Article Similar articles
13 Legionella pn. moduloi kaspaaseja ja saa ne toimimaan ei-apoptoottisina.
Legionella pneumofilasta on tullut mallijärjestelmä kaspaasien ei-apoptoottisten funktioiden ja immuunitehtävien ratkaisemiseen. Sallivissa soluissa Lpn-vakuolit (LCV) välttävät endosomaalisia kuljetusteitä ja endoplasminen verkosto(ER) muokaa vakuoleja uuteen muotoon ( jossa replikaatio voi tapahtua). Endosomitien evaasio välittyy Legionellan Dot/Icm- tyyppi4-sekreetiosysteemillä (T4SS). Lpn- infektiossa flagelliinia tunnistaa NOD:n kaltainen reseptori NLRC4 (IPAF) , mikä johtaa kaspaasi-1 aktivaatioon inflammasomikompleksissa. NLRC4 inflammasomin alavirrassa aktivoituu kaspaasi-7 ja edistää ei-apoptoottisia funktioita, kuten fagosomin kypsymistä ja bakteriaalista hajoittamista . On tehty mielenkiintoinen havainto kaspaasi-3:n aktivoitumisesta infektion varhaisvaiheissa permissiivisissä soluissa, sillä se ei johdakaan apoptoosiin ja niin on aivan infektoitumisen myöhäisvaiheisiin asti; tähän on syynä Dot/Icm:n välittämät antiapoptoottiset signaalit, jotka tekevät infektoituneet solut resistenteiksi ulkopuolisille apoptoosin aiheuttajille. Sen takia kaspaasi 1:n ja exekutiivisten kaspaasien ei-apoptoottiset funktiot ovat temporaalisesti ja spatiaalisesti moduloituja Lpn - infektion aikana, mistä määräytyy permissiivisyys (sallivuus) solunsisäiseen bakteerireplikoitumiseen. Artikkelissa tehdään selkoa L. pneumophilan uusista kaspaasi- aktivoitumisteistä ja pohditaan niiden osuutta geneettisessä restriktiossa ja infektio- permissiivisyydessä.
Amer AO. Cell Microbiol. 2010 Feb;12(2):140-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01401.x. Epub 2009 Oct 27. Review. PMID: 19863553Legionella
pneumophila has become a model system to decipher the non-apoptotic
functions of caspases and their role in immunity. In permissive cells,
the L. pneumophila-containing vacuole evades endosomal traffic and is
remodelled by the endoplasmic reticulum. Evasion of the endosomes is
mediated by the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. Upon L. pneumophila
infection of genetically restrictive cells such as wild-type (WT)
C57Bl/6J murine macrophages, flagellin is sensed by the NOD-likereceptor
Nlrc4 leading to caspase-1 activation by the inflammasome complex.
Then, caspase-7 is activated downstream of the Nlrc4 inflammasome,
promoting non-apoptotic functions such as L. pneumophila-containing
phagosome maturation and bacterial degradation. Interestingly, caspase-3
is activated in permissive cells during early stages of infection.
However, caspase-3 activation does not lead to apoptosis until late
stages of infection because it is associated with potent
Dot/Icm-mediated anti-apoptotic stimuli that render the infected cells
resistant to external apoptotic inducers. Therefore, the role of
caspase-1 and non-apoptotic functions of executioner caspases are
temporally and spatially modulated during infection by L. pneumophila,
which determine permissiveness to intracellular bacterial proliferation.
This review will examine the novel activation pathways of caspases by
L. pneumophila and discuss their role in genetic restriction and
permissiveness to infection.Similar articles
14.Mitä tarvitaan legionellan restriktioon makrofagissa.
16. NLR-perheenjäsen NLRC4 eli IPAF omaa CARD-domeenin ja NACHT- domeenin. Intrasellulaari Gram- negat. bakteeri indusoi 1-kaspaasin IPAF välitteisesti ja infektoituneen makrofagin kuoleman ja proinflammatorisia sytokiineja. ( Useimmat ihmiset eivät sairastu Legionella-bakteeriin, kun immuunivaste toimii normaalisti, tai paremminkin: useimmat ihmiset toipuvat Legionellasta, joka on diagnosoitu).
The NOD-likereceptor
(NLR) family of proteins is involved in the regulation of innate immune
responses and cell death pathways. Recent findings show that the NLR
family member NLRC4 (also known as IPAF) has important roles in innate
immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria. Macrophages infected with Legionella
pneumophila, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, or Pseudomonas
aeruginosa activate caspase-1 in an NLRC4-dependent manner leading to
macrophage cell death and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. This
review will discuss these findings as well as the role of bacterial
type III and type IV secretion systems and flagellin in NLRC4-mediated
caspase-1 activation.Free PMC Article Similar articles
Semin Immunopathol. 2007 Sep;29(3):275-88. Epub 2007 Aug 10. Review.PMIDAbstractThe innate immune
system precisely modulates the intensity of immune activation in
response to infection. Flagellinis a microbe-associated molecular
pattern that is present on both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria.
Macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are able to determine the virulence of
flagellated bacteria by sensing whether flagellin remains outside the
mammalian cell, or if it gains access to the cytosol. Extracellular
flagellin is detected by TLR5, which induces expression of
proinflammatory cytokines, while flagellin within the cytosol of
macrophages is detected through the Nod-likereceptor (NLR) Ipaf, which activates caspase-1. In macrophages infected with Salmonella typhimurium or Legionella
pneumophila, Ipaf becomes activated in response to flagellin that
appears to be delivered to the cytosol via specific virulence factor
transport systems (the SPI1 type III secretion system (T3SS) and the
Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), respectively). Thus, TLR5
responds more generally to flagellated bacteria, while Ipaf responds to
bacteria that express both flagellin and virulence factors
21. Intrasellulaarisen Legionella pneumophila-kasvun restriktioon vaaditaan Ipaf:ista riippuva kaspaasi-1 aktivaatio ja funktionaalinen NAIP5-signalointi.
The Nod-likereceptor family member Naip5/Birc1e restricts Legionella pneumophila growth independently of caspase-1 activation.Lamkanfi M, Amer A, Kanneganti TD, Muñoz-Planillo R, Chen G, Vandenabeele P, Fortier A, Gros P, Núñez G.J Immunol. 2007 Jun 15;178(12):8022-7. PMID: 17548639Abstract Similar to Ipaf and caspase-1, the Nod-likereceptor protein Naip5 restricts intracellular proliferation of Legionella
pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe form of pneumonia known as
Legionnaires' disease. Thus, Naip5 has been suggested to regulate Legionella
replication inside macrophages through theactivation of caspase-1. In
this study, we show that cytosolic delivery of recombinant flagellin
activated caspase-1 in A/J macrophages carrying a mutant Naip5 allele,
and in C57BL/6 (B6) macrophages congenic for the mutant Naip5 allele
(B6-Naip5(A/J)), but not in Ipaf(-/-) cells. In line with these results,
A/J and B6-Naip5(A/J) macrophages induced high levels of caspase-1
activation and IL-1beta secretion when infected with Legionella. In addition, transgenic expression of a functional Naip5 allele in A/J macrophages did not alter Legionella-induced
caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta secretion. Notably, defective Naip5
signaling renders B6-Naip5(A/J) macrophages permissive for Legionella proliferation despite normal caspase-1 activation. These results indicate that the restriction of intracellular Legionella
replication is more complex than previously appreciated and requires
both Ipaf-dependent caspase-1 activation as well as functional Naip5
signaling. Free Article Similar articles
Ongelmaa legionellabakteerin suhteen on lähinnä niillä, joiden immuunivaste on huonontunut jostain syystä. Myös antibiootti avustaa tällöin: makrolidi tai fluorokinoni. Talousveden kuuman tulee olla yli 50 astetta kraanasta(60 astetta boilerissa) ja kylmän suotuisimmin alle 20 astetta jotta restriktio tälle vesibakteerille toimii.