The
fifth International Conference for Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases
was held in Marseilles, France, on 18–20 May 2008, organized by the
European Study Group for Coxiella, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Bartonella
(ESCAR) and by the American Society for Rickettsiology. Much of the
Conference was devoted to original scientific work and this supplement
contains those papers presented at the meeting.
The rickettsias and the bacteria formerly associated with the order Rickettsiales, namely, the genus Coxiella,
are of major importance for the study of obligate intracellular
microorganisms and their potential use as biological weapons. In
addition, studies on some members of the genus Bartonella, also
formerly placed in the Order Rickettsiales, are increasingly recognized
as important human pathogens. Although the clinical and epidemiologic
spectra of rickettsioses have been studied for years, new observations
and discoveries are still being made, as exemplified by many of the
papers in this supplement. Particularly noteworthy in the area of basic
science is the increased appreciation of the obligate intracellular
rickettsia's interaction with the eukaryote host cells.
The
scientific range of papers presented at the meeting and contained
within this supplement is wide. As a result, we have particularly
enjoyed editing the supplement, as the opportunity to do so has provided
us with an in-depth opportunity to reflect on the important
contributions of our colleagues. We are grateful to all the contributors
for their work, which so vividly shows the new advances that can occur
in what many might consider an established field, unlikely to offer new
horizons.
RICKETTSIALES löytyy alfaproteobakteerien listan loppupuolelta aakkosluettelosta.
RICKETTSIEAE* Rickettsia
Apuna listan löytämisen on alleviivattu sana*
Otan siitä kohtaa sitaatin. jossa alimmaisen bakteerin jälkeen on monen sivun luettelo erilaisia rikketsioita eri puolilta maailmaa ja erilaisista vektoreistakin. Oikein rikketsioiden maailmankartta!
(15.5. 2023 Siirsin nämä borreliakuumeet virusblogista tähän INFEKTIOISTA-blogiin, jotta TBE-osuus punkin välittämästä tautiryväksedstä jää erikseen hahmotettavaksi. Punkkien axonomialinkkejä pidän ELÄKEPÄIVÄT- blogin sivulla, josta niitä voi helposti hakea. Punkit vaikuttavat aikamoisilta tekijöiltä taudinvälittäjäkapasiteetiltaan).
Cutler SJ, Vayssier-Taussat M, Estrada-Peña A, Potkonjak A, Mihalca AD, Zeller H.Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2021 Jan;12(1):101607. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101607. Epub 2020 Nov 9.PMID: 33220628Review.
Given this, it is unsurprising that these might co-exist
within the same tick, however our understanding of the interactions of
these agents both within the tick and vertebrate host remains poorly defined. ...
Pace EJ, O'Reilly M.Am Fam Physician. 2020 May 1;101(9):530-540.PMID: 32352736Free article.Review.
Tickborne diseases that affect patients in the United States include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, tularemia, Colorado tickfever, and tickbornerelapsingfever. ...
Arora G, Lynn GE, Tang X, Rosen CE, Hoornstra D, Sajid A, Hovius JW, Palm NW, Ring AM, Fikrig E.mBio. 2022 Oct 26;13(5):e0116122. doi: 10.1128/mbio.01161-22. Epub 2022 Aug 29.PMID: 36036625Free PMC article.
To investigate the pathoetiology of relapsingfever,
we performed a high-throughput screen of Borrelia-binding host factors
using a library of human extracellular and secretory proteins and
identified CD55 as a novel host binding partner of Borrelia crocidurae
and B …
Molina J,
Montero-Mateos E, Praena-Segovia J, León-Jiménez E, Natera C,
López-Cortés LE, Valiente L, Rosso-Fernández CM, Herrero M, Aller-García
AI, Cano Á, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B, Márquez-Gómez I, Álvarez-Marín R,
Infante C, Roca C, Valiente-Méndez A, Pachón J, Reguera JM,
Corzo-Delgado JE, Torre-Cisneros J, Rodríguez-Baño J, Cisneros JM;
SHORTEN trial team.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Apr;28(4):550-557. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.001. Epub 2021 Sep 9.PMID: 34508886Clinical Trial.
Clinical outcomes included clinical cure, relapse of eBSI and relapse of fever.
A superiority margin of 3 days was set for the primary endpoint, and a
non-inferiority margin of 10% was set for clinical outcomes.
...CONCLUSIONS: 7-day schemes allowed a reduction in antibiot …
Allmon A, Deane K, Martin KL.Am Fam Physician. 2015 Aug 1;92(3):211-6.PMID: 26280141Free article.
Considerations include the appearance and location of the
rash; the clinical course; and associated symptoms, such as pruritus or fever. A fever is likely to occur with roseola, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), and scarlet fever. ...The rash associated w …
Trevisan G, Cinco M, Trevisini S, di Meo N, Ruscio M, Forgione P, Bonin S.Biology (Basel). 2021 Oct 29;10(11):1117. doi: 10.3390/biology10111117.PMID: 34827110Free PMC article.Review.
Borreliae of the relapsingfever group (RFG) are heterogenous and can be divided mainly into three groups according to vectors, namely the soft-tick-borne relapsingfever (STBRF) Borreliae, the hard-tick-borne relapsingfever (HTBRF) Borr …
We obtained two blood samples from relapsingfever patients residing in Jask County, Hormozgan Province, southern Iran in 2013. ...In southern Iran, relapsingfever cases are mostly from localities in which O. erraticus ticks, the notorious vector of B …
Louse-borne relapsingfever (LBRF) is an
epidemic disease with a fascinating history from Hippocrates' times,
through the 6th century 'Yellow Plague', to epidemics in Ireland,
Scotland and England in the 19th century and two large Afro-Middle
Eastern pandemics in th …
Relapsingfever borreliae were notorious and feared infectious agents that earned their place in history through their devastating impact as causes of both epidemic and endemic infection. ...
Riketsioosit ovat täiden (mite) ja puutiaisten (tics) levittämiä kuumetauteja; ihmisen taudinaiheuttajia
tunnetaan 18 erilaista. Ihminen ei voi tartuttaa tautia toiseen.
Riketsioosit voivat
aiheuttaa korkean kuumeen (RF, Rickettsia Fever), johon liittyy kovaa päänsärkyä, nivel- ja lihaskipuja,
imusolmukkeiden suurenemista tai ihottumia. Ilman ihottumia niitä on vaikea erottaa
muista kuumetaudeista. Ihottumatyyppejä ovat esimerkiksi puremakohdan 0,5–2
cm:n läpimittainen "kuolionäppy", "tache noire", black spot, a black eschar), jonka keskusta on mustan ruven peittämä, toisaalta
raajojen ja vartalon harva, punainen täplikkyys ja vyöruusua muistuttavat rakkularykelmät.
Ihottuma voi olla vaikea huomata.
Yleisimmät matkailijoiden riketsioosit ovat rottapilkkukuume,
Välimeren pilkkukuume,Välimeren laikullinen kuume ( FBM ) on punkkiperäinen sairaus. Se on infektio, jonka bakteeri on riketsia perhettä Rickettsia conorii ja vektorina toimii ruskea koiranpunkki, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato.
Boutonneuse fever (BF) is transmitted by the bite of a dog tick(Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
and is classified as a spotted fever; most people that get sick with a
spotted fever will have a black eschar (a “tache noire” or black spot)
at the site of the bite. The tick bite causes the zoonotic (non-human to
human) bacteria to enter the blood and disseminate).
African tick bite fever (ATBF) is a type of spotted fever.[5] It has previously been confused with Mediterranean spotted fever.[2] tämän riketsiakuumeen vektori on Amblyomma ryhmän punkkeja.
hard ticks, Amblyoma variegatum and Amblyomma hebraeum are the most common vectors of R. africae.[10]
Typically, Amblyomma hebraeum transmits the bacteria in South Africa
while Amblyoma variegatum carries R. africae throughout West, Central
and East Africa and through the French West Indies.[10] Other species of Amblyomma in sub-Saharan Africa can also transmit R. africae and it may be that up to 100% of Amblyomma ticks in sub-Saharan Africa carry R. africae.[8]Amblyomma ticks are most active from November to April.[1]
These tick species frequently feed on cattle and other livestock, but
can also be found feeding on wild animals in areas where farm animals
are not found.[7]
Unlike other hard tick species, which passively seek hosts by clinging
to plants and waiting for a potential host to brush by in passing, the
Amblyomma hard ticks actively seek out hosts.[Groups of tourists visiting Africa have returned to their own countries and were diagnosed there as having been infected.[11][12]Up until 1998, it was thought that only ticks in sub-Saharan Africa carried R. africae. However, a case of locally transmitted African tick bite fever in the French West Indies led to the discovery of R. africae carried by Amblyomma varigatum ticks introduced through cattle shipped from Senegal to Gaudeluope more than a century ago.[10]R. africae
has been isolated from ticks on several Caribbean islands, though the
only cases in humans in the Caribbean have occurred in the French West
Indies.[8]R. africae has also been found in Amblyomma loculosumticks in Oceania.[4]
Näistä muut kuin Välimeren pilkkukuume
saadaan yleensä subtrooppisilta tai trooppisilta alueilta. Välimeren pilkkukuumetta
levittävät koirien puutiaiset Välimeren alueella, Etelä-Euroopan ja Pohjois-Afrikan esikaupunki- ja kaupunkialueilla.
Rottapilkkukuume leviää rottien kirppujen välityksellä, usein satamissa ja rantalomakohteissa.
Afrikan pilkkukuume African tick typhus" on tavallinen Saharan eteläpuolisesta Afrikasta tai
itäiseltä Karibialta tulevalla luontomatkailijalla. Se leviää karjaeläinten puutiaisten välityksellä, jotka hakeutuvat kasvillisuudesta hanakasti puremaan ihmistä.
Pensaikkopilkkukuumeen
voi saada Kaakkois-Aasian ja läntisen Tyynenmeren maaseudulta, mm. riisiviljelmiltä
ja metsänraivausalueilta.
Matkailun myötä riketsioositkin ovat hiljalleen olleet levittäytymässä
uusille alueille kuten pensaikkopilkkukuume Etelä-Amerikkaan. Muita riketsiooseja
esiintyy satunnaisesti syrjäisissä paikoissa käyneillä luontomatkailijoilla. Usein
puutiaisia ei huomata. Tauti voi alkaa matkalla tai kotimaahan saapumisen jälkeen.
Pilkkukuumeilta voi suojautua välttämällä kosketusta koiriin, kissoihin, jyrsijöihin
ja karjaan, samoilua pensaikkoisilla alueilla sekä noudattamalla samoja varotoimenpiteitä
kuin hyttysiltä suojautuessa. Myös permetriinillä käsitellyt retkeilykauppojen myymät
vaatteet saattavat vähentää tartunnan riskiä.
Tämä koirapunkkilaatu teettää ongelmiä sikäli, että siihen ei tehoa tavallinen rokote, joka sisältää tapettuja R. rickettsii lajeja. Lisäksi punkki toimii sekä vektorina että reservoaarina ja sen elinsykli on täten pinttynyt, monisukupolvinen. .
Outbreaks of life-threatening Rocky Mountain spotted fever in
humans and dogs associated with a canine-tick maintenance cycle
constitute an important One Health opportunity. The reality of the
problem has been observed strikingly in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and
Native American tribal lands in Arizona. The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato,
acquires the rickettsia from bacteremic dogs and can maintain the
bacterium transtadially to the next tick stage. The subsequent adult
tick can then transmit infection to a new host, as shown by guinea pig
models. These brown dog ticks maintain spotted fever group rickettsiae
transovarially through many generations, thus serving as both vector and
reservoir.
Vaccine containing whole-killed R. rickettsii does not stimulate sufficient immunity. Studies of Rickettsia
subunit antigens have demonstrated that conformationally preserved
outer-membrane autotransporter proteins A and B are the leading vaccine
candidates. The possibility of a potentially safe and effective live
attenuated vaccine has only begun to be explored as gene knockout
methods are applied to these obligately intracellular pathogens.Keywords:
One Health; Rhipicephalussanguineus; Rickettsia rickettsii; Rocky
Mountain spotted fever; canine vector-borne disease; live attenuated
vaccine; subunit vaccine.
RockyMountainspottedfever (RMSF) is an acute febrile tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. ...
Excerpt: Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is an acute febrile tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. It is the most severe and most common of the rickettsial infections in North America.
Boutonneuse fever (BF) is an illness first detailed in Tunisia,
North Africa, nearly a century ago and was called “boutonneuse” (French
for “spotty”) because of the pimpled or papular skin rash that followed
the fever. Boutonneuse fever is a type of infectious disease caused by
bacteria of the rickettsia genus, typically found in the Mediterranean
region of Europe. Other common regions include sub-Saharan Africa,
India, Greece, and select regions surrounding the Black Sea. Rickettsia conorii (thecausative organism) is an obligate
intracellular bacterium that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. It
is a type of gram-negative bacteria (it does not retain the crystal
violet stain during the Gram staining technique of bacterial
identification). Boutonneuse fever (BF) is transmitted by the bite of a dog tick(Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
and is classified as a spotted fever; most people that get sick with a
spotted fever will have a black eschar (a “tache noire” or black spot)
at the site of the bite. The tick bite causes the zoonotic (non-human to
human) bacteria to enter the blood and disseminate.
Boutonneuse fever (BF) typically has an incubation period of 5 to7 days
following the tick bite. The tick bite is usually painless and may not
be noticed if it occurs in an inconspicuous location. The diagnosis is
commonly made based on a history of travel to an endemic location and
clinical findings: fever, exanthem (rash), and the tache noire (black
eschar). This disease that follows classically causes flu-like symptoms.
It typically follows a similar, yet more benign clinical course
compared to that of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) but can occasionally
cause more advanced signs and symptoms such as hepatomegaly, jaundice,
meningitis, other neurologic complications, orchitis, retinopathy,
gastrointestinal bleeding, and pneumonia.
Treatment of BF is largely the same as for all rickettsial
infections. Doxycycline is a tetracycline that remains useful in the
management of obligately intracellular bacterial pathogens such as
rickettsia. Patients with a more benign progression are treated with
antibiotics for 7 days. Those with more progressive symptoms are usually
treated for 14 days. Macrolides such as azithromycin are efficacious in
children and pregnant women.
Drexler NA, Close R, Yaglom HD, Traeger M, Parker K, Venkat H, Villarroel L, Brislan J, Pastula DM, Armstrong PA.Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Oct 5;9(10):ofac506. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac506. eCollection 2022 Oct.PMID: 36324320
BACKGROUND: RockyMountainspottedfever (RMSF) is a deadly tickborne disease disproportionately affecting Arizona tribal communities. ... Conclusions:
Although the etiology of sequelae is not able to be determined
using this study design, life-altering sequelae were common among
patients surviving severe RMSF illness. Delayed administration of the
antibiotic doxycycline after day 5 was the strongest predictor of
morbidity. Keywords:
Rickettsia; neurology; sequela; tick.
A three-year-old boy presented with fever, maculopapular rash
involving palms and soles, and hyponatremia two weeks following a tick
bite. Empiric doxycycline that he was on was discontinued following
negative initial rickettsial serology based on the non-endemicity of
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Northeast Ohio. He demonstrated
high inflammatory markers and met the criteria for hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). With a working diagnosis of macrophage
activation syndrome secondary to presumed systemic-onset juvenile
idiopathic arthritis (soJIA), he received HLH-directed therapy. Rising
antibody titers in convalescent sera established the diagnosis of RMSF.
The patient recovered completely with HLH directed therapy and
re-institution of doxycycline. This is the first pediatric case report
of Rickettsia rickettsii induced HLH demonstrating a favorable outcome despite modified therapy. Keywords:
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; Rickettsia rickettsii; Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Zhou C, Woods P, Abouzeid A, Brooks MN.Am J Case Rep. 2022 Jan 31;23:e934505. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.934505.PMID: 35100242Free PMC article.
BACKGROUND RockyMountainspottedfever
(RMSF) is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the
gram-negative intracellular bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. The classic
triad includes fever, rash, and history of tick exposure; however, th …
Barbina S, Quiroga M, Petz C.J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2022 Jan-Dec;10:23247096221145014. doi: 10.1177/23247096221145014.PMID: 36541205Free PMC article.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a tick-borne illness, can
cause serious illness or death even in a healthy individual.
Unfortunately, this illness can be difficult to diagnose as symptoms are
nonspecific and oftentimes mimic benign viral illnesses. Delayed
diagnosis can be detrimental as the timing of antibiotic administration
is critical to prevent associated morbidity and mortality. A careful
travel and social history can sometimes provide clues to make the
diagnosis. Being aware of lesser-known objective findings such as
hyponatremia, neurologic derangements, transaminitis, and
thrombocytopenia may help raise suspicion for the disease. This is a
case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with nonspecific symptoms and
hyponatremia without known tick exposure. She was eventually diagnosed
with RMSF. The timing of her presentation corresponded with a surge in
COVID-19 infections throughout her area of residence, which further
complicated her presentation and contributed to a delayed diagnosis. Keywords:
Rocky Mountain spotted fever; hyponatremia; rickettsial disease; tick-borne illness.
Bestul N, Padilla R, Montaño T, Márquez A, Fierro M, Zazueta OE, Armstrong PA.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022 Aug 22;107(4):773-779. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1017. Print 2022 Oct 12.PMID: 35995132Free PMC article.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a potentially fatal tickborne
disease caused by the bacterium, Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted
primarily by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in the
southwestern United States and Mexico. RMSF can be rapidly fatalif not
treated early with doxycycline, making healthcare worker awareness and
education critical to reduce morbidity and mortality. During 2008-2019,
Mexicali experienced a RMSF epidemic with 779 confirmed cases, and an
11-year case-fatality rate of 18% (N = 140). A cross-sectional study was
conducted with 290 physicians and physicians-in-training across 12
medical facilities in Mexicali. They were asked to complete a 23-item
questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices for
clinical, epidemiologic, and preventive aspects of RMSF. Half of
participants were female, the largest age group was aged 25 to 44 (47%),
and median time in practice was 6 years (interquartile rate: 1-21.5).
Less than half (48%) surveyed were confident where diagnostic testing
could be performed, and two-thirds did not regularly order serology
(67%) or molecular diagnostic (66%) tests for RMSF when a patient
presented with fever. Sixty-four percent knew doxycycline as first-line
treatment of children < 8 years with suspected RMSF. When comparing
healthcare workers with < 6 years of experience to those with ≥ 6
years, more experience was associated with greater confidence in where
to have diagnostic testing performed (prevalence odds ratio [prevalence
odds ratios [pOR]] = 2.3; P = 0.004), and frequency of ordering
laboratory tests (serology, pOR = 3.3; P = 0.002; polymerase chain
reaction, pOR = 3.9; P = 0.001). Continued education, including
information on diagnostic testing is key to reducing morbidity and
mortality from RMSF.
Alvarez-Hernandez G, Trejo AV, Ratti V, Teglas M, Wallace DI.Insects. 2022 Mar 7;13(3):263. doi: 10.3390/insects13030263.PMID: 35323561Free PMC article.
RockyMountainspottedfever (RMSF) is a significant health problem in Sonora, Mexico. The tick vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, feeds almost exclusively on domestic dogs that, in this region, also serve as the reservoir for the tick-borne pathogen, Rickettsia rickettsii. A process-based mathematical model of the life cycle of R. sanguineus
was developed to predict combinations of insecticidal dog collars and
long-lasting insecticidal wall treatments resultingin suppression of indoor tick populations. Because of a high burden of RMSF in a rural
community near the Sonora state capital of Hermosillo, a test area was
treated with a combination of insecticidal dog collars and long-lasting
insecticidal wall treatments from March 2018 to April 2019, with
subsequent reduction in RMSF cases and deaths. An estimated 80% of the
dogs in the area had collars applied and 15% of the houses were treated.
Data on tick abundance on walls and dogs, collected during this
intervention, were used to parameterize the model. Model results show a
variety of treatment combinations likely to be as successful as the one
carried out in the test community.Keywords:
Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Rickettsia rickettsi; Rocky Mountain
spotted fever; dog collars; insecticidal wall treatment; tick control;
tick-borne disease.